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Basic Chemicals and Their Properties
Easily flammable substances are substances and preparations that can ignite in contact with air, ignite immediately in short-term contact with a fire source, have ...
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Basic Chemicals and Their Properties
Easily flammable substances are substances and preparations that can ignite in contact with air, ignite immediately in short-term contact with a fire source, have a very low flash point, or emit flammable gases in contact with water. Very easily flammable substances are substances and preparations with a very low flash point and boiling point, and gaseous substances and preparations that can ignite in contact with air. Commonly used flammable chemicals are:
Acetone
Ethyl Ether
Sodium
Hydrogen
Lithium
Acetylene
Ethyl Alcohol 3
Potassium
Hazardous Properties: Explosive, oxidizing, highly flammable, easily flammable, flammable, very toxic, toxic, harmful, corrosive, irritating, allergic, carcinogenic, mutagen, toxic for reproduction, and dangerous for the environment,
Hazardous Chemical: Substances and preparations that have one or more of the properties that are explosive, oxidizing, highly flammable, easily flammable, flammable, very toxic, toxic, harmful, corrosive, irritant, allergic, carcinogenic, mutagen, toxic for reproduction and dangerous for the environment,
Explosive Substance / Preparation: Substance/preparation in a solid, liquid, pasty, gelatinous state, which can give an exothermic reaction with the sudden emission of gas even without atmospheric oxygen and/or spontaneously explode with heating when partially closed, or explode under specified test conditions and quickly glow,
Oxidizing Substance / Preparation: Substance/preparation that causes a significant exothermic reaction in contact with other substances, especially with flammable substances,
Extremely Flammable Substance / Preparation: Substances and preparations in liquid form with a very low flash point (lower than 0 °C) and low boiling point (lower than 35 °C), and gaseous substances that can burn in contact with air at room temperature and pressure. substance / preparations,
Highly Flammable Substance / Preparation:
- a) Without the application of energy, it can heat up in contact with air at ambient temperature and ignite as a result,
- b) In the solid state, which can burn spontaneously in short-term contact with the fire source and continue to burn after the fire source is removed,
- c) In liquid form with a low flash point (below 21 °C),
- d) Substances/preparations which, in contact with water or humid air, emit very easily flammable gases in dangerous quantities,
Flammable Substance / Preparation: Substance / preparation in liquid form with a low flash point (21-55 °C),
Very Toxic Substance / Preparation: Substance/preparation that causes acute or chronic damage or death on human health when inhaled, taken orally, absorbed through the skin in very small quantities,
Toxic Substance / Preparation: Substance/preparation that causes acute or chronic damage to human health or death when inhaled, taken orally, absorbed through the skin in small quantities,
Harmful Substance / Preparation: Substance/preparation that causes acute or chronic damage or death on human health when inhaled, taken orally, absorbed through the skin,
Corrosive Substance / Preparation: Substances and preparations that can cause tissue destruction in contact with living tissue,
Allergic Substance/Preparation: Substance/preparation which has the property of causing excessive sensitization when inhaled, penetrates the skin, and causes characteristic adverse effects in case of subsequent exposure,
Storage of Flammable and Highly Flammable Substances
Keep flammable materials away from all ignition sources (open flames, hot surfaces, direct sunlight, sparks).
Store flammable substances separately from hazard classes, especially oxidizers and toxicants.
Keep flammable gases separate from oxidizing gases in a suitable and approved fireproof compartment or with a minimum distance of 6 meters.
Store flammable liquids in approved safety containers or cabinets.
Keep storage areas cool to reduce the possibility of the formation of vapors exceeding the lower flammability limit of the material or the possibility of spontaneous combustion by mixing the vapors with the air.
Keep a fire extinguisher ready following the hazard of the chemical and make sure that anyone who will use it has received the necessary training.
Store flammable liquids that require cold storage in a safe refrigerator or freezer to protect them from sparks or static electricity.
Post 'no smoking signs in a visible place in areas where flammable materials are stored.
Use of Easily Flammable and Highly Flammable Materials
Wear gloves and safety glasses when handling flammable liquids.
Flash point of mixtures of flammable and combustible liquids; considered equal to that of the liquid with the lowest flash point in the mixture.
All sources of the flame must be removed from the area when flammable liquid is transferred or used.
Do not use water to clean flammable liquid spills.
Do not drain flammable and combustible liquids from the sink.
Corrosive Substances
Properties:
Corrosive substances are substances that can cause tissue destruction in contact with living tissue.
Gases, liquids, and solids can be dangerously corrosive.
Corrosive substances burn the skin, causing itching.
When taken by inhalation or mouth, lung and stomach tissue are affected.
Corrosive gases are immediately absorbed into the body by skin contact and inhalation.
Corrosive liquids used frequently in the laboratory have risks of causing external damage to the body.
Corrosive solids often cause damage over time. Since corrosive solids dissolve quickly on the skin and respiratory tract due to moisture, their effects are largely dependent on contact time.
Corrosive substances can be acidic or basic.
Most Used Corrosive Substances
Sulfuric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Ammonium Hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Chromium Trioxide
STORAGE OF CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES
Keep acids separate from bases and corrosive substances both organic and flammable substances.
Store corrosive materials close to the floor to minimize the risk of falling off the shelves.
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from sunlight. The storage area must be protected against temperature changes.
Keep acids away from chemicals that may form toxic gases in contact (sodium cyanide, iron sulfide, etc.).
Separate acids from water-reactive metals such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
Store inorganic hydroxide solutions in polyethylene containers.
Never store corrosive materials on metal shelves.
Although ventilation can help, chemicals will corrode the shelves.
USE OF CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES
Use the necessary protective equipment (lab coat, suitable gloves, and splash-proof goggles). A face shield should be worn if splashing is an anticipated hazard.
Since corrosive material can generate dangerous and toxic gases, it should be used under a fume hood to protect the user.
Add the active ingredients slowly. Always add acid (not water to acid) on top of the water. While adding, add the acid slowly from the side of the container, and do not stir vigorously.
Corrosive substances should be transferred in unbreakable containers.
Toxic Chemicals
Properties:
Toxic substances are substances that cause acute or chronic damage to human health or death when inhaled, taken orally, or absorbed through the skin in small quantities.
The dose at which a chemical causes the death of 50% of the experimental animals is defined as the lethal dose 50 or LD50. The LD50 is usually expressed as milligrams of substance ingested per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg).
Inhalation of toxic substances causes tissue damage. The lungs are composed of a multilayered tissue layer that is vulnerable to the attack of toxic vapors and particles carried by air. Inhalation toxicity of a substance is represented by TLV (Threshold limit value) and PEL (Permissible exposure limit). Both measurements are expressed as parts per million of airborne substance or mg substance in 1 m3 of air.
Storage of Toxic Substances
Keep toxic substances separate from other hazard classes and store them in a cool, well-ventilated place away from light and heat.
Containers should be kept in very tight, sealed containers to minimize exposure to workers and prevent interaction with other chemicals.
Using Toxic Substances
Handle toxic substances that produce dust and smoke when used, using a fume hood.
When working with toxic compounds, wear protective lab coats, gloves, and safety glasses and operate under a working fume hood.
Very Toxic Chemicals
Properties:
Very toxic substances are substances that cause acute or chronic damage to human health or death when inhaled, taken orally, or absorbed through the skin in very small quantities.
Even at very low concentrations, these chemicals can cause serious injury or even death.
Very toxic chemicals are defined as substances with a lethal dose of 50 mg or less per kilogram of body weight or with a lethal concentration of 200 ppm or less in the air.
Storage of Very Toxic Substances
Keep toxic chemicals separate from other hazard classes and store them in a cool, well-ventilated place away from light and heat.
Containers should be kept in very tight, sealed containers to minimize exposure to workers and prevent interaction with other chemicals.
Using Highly Toxic Substances
Use highly toxic chemicals in private areas or laboratories.
When working with toxic compounds, wear protective lab coats, gloves, and safety glasses and operate under a working fume hood.
Handle very toxic chemicals that produce dust and smoke when used, using a fume hood.
Handle very toxic chemicals that produce dust and smoke when used, using a fume hood.
Do not eat, drink and avoid cosmetic products in an environment where very toxic substances are handled.
Oxidizing Agents
Properties:
Oxidizing agents are substances that cause a significant exothermic reaction in contact with other materials, especially combustible materials.
Oxidizers spontaneously generate oxygen at room temperature or elevated temperatures and may explode violently under shock heating.
Due to their different chemical instability, oxidizing agents are unexpectedly explosive and therefore present a threat of danger.
Oxidizing reagents :
Peroxides
Hyperperoxides
Peroxy Esters
Examples of oxidizers that react with organic substances; are nitric acid, chromic acid, and permanganates.
Storage of Oxidizing Substances
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from sunlight. Protect from extreme and sudden temperature changes.
Store in unbreakable colored glass and non-reactive containers.
Keep reactive chemicals separate from unsuitable materials: organic substances, flammable solvents,corrosive substances.
Using Oxidizing Agents
Buy ethers in small quantities and use them immediately.
Record the opening dates of the containers of the peroxide-forming compounds.
Never smoke near oxidizers.
Close the containers tightly. Do not use cork and rubber stoppers when closing containers. Before opening glass bottles, check to see if solids (crystals) and viscous liquids have formed at the bottom of the bottle. These are indicators of peroxide formation.
Avoid friction, breakage, and any impact when working with oxidizers.
Avoid mixing oxidizers with other chemicals during disposal
Important things to know about some chemicals
HF( Hydrogen Fluoride)
Work with anhydrous HF and hydrofluoric acid only in a fume hood and wear gloves, safety glasses, and a face mask.
Percholic acid and Permanganate(HClO4, ClO3, ClO4)
Anhydrous perchloric acid, perchlorate, and chlorates tend to explode in the presence of oxidizing agents. The explosion may occur when concentrated sulfuric acid is spilled on chlorate and permanganate.
Mercury
Do not breathe mercury vapor when working with mercury.
Ether,
Peroxides in ethers can cause an explosion during the distillation of ethereal solutions. To prevent this, solid KOH should be added.
Sodium,
Sodium should never be added to water, otherwise, it will cause an explosion.
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